治疗仔猪黄白痢中兽药临床处方筛选

为了筛选出治疗仔猪黄白痢的最佳中药处方，确定其合理用药剂量和适用范围，试验将478头确诊为黄白痢的哺乳仔猪随机分为6组，分别用3种预选处方（处方一、处方二和处方三）、氧氟沙星、诺氟沙星、氧氟沙星与诺氟沙星联合用药进行治疗，比较预选处方与对照药物对仔猪黄白痢的治疗效果，筛选最佳的中药处方；并对每种中药处方按照低、中、高3种剂量进行用药，确定预选处方的合理用药剂量；按照发病特点进行用药。探讨预选处方对不同病症的适用性。结果表明：预选处方对仔猪黄白痢的治疗效果优于对照药物，且复发率显著低于后者；3种中药处方中，处方一的疗效最好，治愈率为82．9％，总有效率可迭84．7％，显著高于其他处方；处方一中剂量组的疗效最好，治愈率为88．9％，总有效率可达91．1％，显著高于其他剂量组，而且治愈后无复发现象。     

Essential oil of Aloysia citriodora Paláu and citral: sedative and anesthetic efficacy and safety in Rhamdia quelen and Ctenopharyngodon idella

ObjectiveTo verify the efficacy of citral in inducing sedation and anesthesia in silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) and grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) and to assess the safety of essential oil (EO) of Aloysia citriodora and citral in inducing and maintaining anesthesia in silver catfish.Study designClinical study, randomized, parallel, multi-arm with control group in target species.AnimalsA total of 96 juvenile and 72 adult silver catfish and 80 juvenile grass carp were used.MethodsSilver catfish and grass carp were exposed to different concentrations of citral, 15–675 and 15–600 μL L^–1, respectively, during the maximum period of 30 minutes to verify sedation and anesthesia induction and recovery times. In addition, for anesthetic induction, silver catfish were exposed to the EO of A. citriodora and citral at 225 μL L^–1 for 3.5 minutes. Then, fish were transferred to an anesthesia maintenance solution at 50 μL L^–1 for 10 minutes to assess hematologic and biochemical variables at 60 minutes, 2 and 6 days after treatment.ResultsCitral only induced sedation from 15, 25 and 40 μLL^–1 in both species. Anesthesia without mortality was induced in silver catfish at 50–600 μL L^–1 and grass carp at 75–450 μL L^–1. At 675 and 600 μL L^–1, mortality was recorded in silver catfish and grass carp, respectively. The EO of A. citriodora and citral were safe in inducing and maintaining anesthesia in silver catfish, with mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration being the only variable that varied in relation to time and treatments.Conclusions and clinical relevanceCitral was effective in inducing sedation and anesthesia in both species. In addition, A. citriodora EO and citral were safe in inducing and maintaining anesthesia in silver catfish. Both agents are promising substances for the development of new drugs for fish.     

基于转录组测序技术研究饲粮赖氨酸水平调控贵州黄鸡采食量的差异表达基因和信号通路

本试验旨在利用转录组测序(RNA-Seq)技术研究饲粮赖氨酸(Lys)水平调控贵州黄鸡采食量的分子机制,挖掘与采食量相关的候选基因和信号通路,进一步提高家禽采食量以及促进养殖效益。选取健康的1日龄贵州黄鸡雏鸡400羽,随机分为4组,每组5个重复,每个重复20羽。各组饲粮Lys水平分别为0.7%、0.9%、1.1%和1.3%。试验期6周。在6周龄时,选取平均日采食量差异极显著(P<0.01)的0.9%Lys水平组(b组,n=3)和1.3%Lys水平组(d组,n=3)中的贵州黄鸡各3只,采集下丘脑组织进行RNA-Seq分析、差异表达基因GO功能富集和KEGG信号通路分析,利用实时荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)验证RNA-Seq测序数据。结果表明:1)0.7%、0.9%、1.1%Lys水平组1~6周龄平均日采食量极显著高于1.3%Lys水平组(P <0.01),其中,0.9%Lys水平组最高。2)每个样品所产的测序读数比对到鸡参考基因组上比对率均在89%以上,Q20、Q30含量分别在97%、93%以上;b组和d组共筛选到2 006个差异表达基因,其中,1 275个基因表达上调,731个基因表达下调。GO功能主要在调节神经过程、投射神经元形态发生、负调控神经发生等生物学过程极显著富集;KEGG通路显著富集到19条通路,富集到磷脂酰肌醇信号系统、叉头框转录因子O信号传导途径、哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白信号通路、丝裂原活化蛋白激酶信号通路、神经活性配体-受体相互作用信号通路和脂肪细胞因子信号通路6条通路可能影响贵州黄鸡的采食量。筛选到神经肽Y (NPY)、前阿黑皮素原(POMC)、刺鼠相关蛋白(AgRP)、可卡因和安非他明调控转录前肽(CARTPT)富集到神经活性配体-受体相互作用信号通路和脂肪细胞因子信号通路上。qRT-PCR结果显示6个随机选择的差异表达基因的表达趋势与RNA-Seq结果一致。综上所述,0.7%、0.9%、1.1%赖氨酸水平组1~6周龄平均日采食量极显著高于1.3%赖氨酸水平组。不同水平赖氨酸可能通过调控下丘脑组织NPY、AgRP、CARTPT和POMC等相关基因的表达,作用于神经活性配体-受体相互作用通路和脂肪细胞因子信号通路,以此来调控贵州黄鸡的采食量。     

白术多糖对岭南黄鸡生长性能、屠宰性能及免疫器官发育的影响

本研究旨在探索白术多糖(PAMK)对岭南黄鸡生长性能、屠宰性能及免疫器官发育的影响。选择240只健康的1日龄岭南黄鸡,随机分成4个组,每组6个重复,每个重复10只鸡。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组在基础饲粮中分别添加100(PAMK100组)、400(PAMK 400组)、800 mg/kg(PAMK800组)的白术多糖。试验期35 d。结果表明:1)与对照组相比,PAMK400组岭南黄鸡1~21日龄和1~35日龄的平均日采食量和料重比均显著降低(P<0.05),总增重和平均日增重均有所升高(P>0.05)。2)与对照组相比,PAMK100、PAMK400和PAMK800组岭南黄鸡35日龄的屠宰率、半净膛率和全净膛率均显著升高(P<0.05)。3)与对照组相比,PAMK100组岭南黄鸡21日龄的脾脏指数显著降低(P<0.05),PAMK100和PAMK400组岭南黄鸡21日龄的法氏囊指数显著升高(P<0.05)。4)与对照组相比,PAMK 400组岭南黄鸡肝脏双核细胞数量增多,各种类型细胞形态良好;胸腺中成熟胸腺细胞数量增多,皮髓分界明显;脾脏中淋巴细胞排列密集有序,形态良好;法氏囊中大淋巴滤泡数量增多,滤泡排列也更加紧密。由此可见,饲粮中添加400 mg/kg白术多糖可以提高岭南黄鸡的生长性能和屠宰性能,并促进免疫器官的生长发育。     

育成期饲粮代谢能水平对开产时如皋黄鸡生长发育的影响

本试验旨在研究8～18周龄饲粮代谢能(ME)水平对8周龄至开产时(20周龄)如皋黄鸡生长性能以及屠体、内脏器官、鸡冠、骨骼、消化道和繁殖器官发育的影响。试验选用8周龄体况良好、体重接近的如皋黄鸡360只,随机分成3组,每组8个重复,每个重复15只鸡。8～18周龄,试验鸡分别饲喂ME水平为10.88、11.30和11.72 MJ·kg^-1、其它营养素水平相同的试验饲粮,18周龄～开产(20周龄),各组试验鸡均饲喂相同营养水平的预产期试验饲粮。试验期12周。结果表明：1)随8～18周龄饲粮ME水平增加,蛋鸡18周龄体重、8～18周龄平均日增重(ADG)和平均日代谢能摄入量(MEi)均显著线性增加(P<0.05),8～18周龄和8～20周龄料重比(F/G)和粗蛋白质转化比(CPCR)均显著线性减小(P<0.05)。2)8～18周龄饲粮ME水平对18和20周龄如皋黄鸡屠体、内脏器官和消化道发育均无显著影响(P>0.05)。3)18周龄蛋鸡胫骨重和胫骨率均随8～18周龄饲粮ME水平增加先减小后增加(P<0.05)。8～18周龄饲粮ME水平对18周龄鸡冠和股骨以及20周龄鸡冠、胫骨和股骨发育均无显著影响(P>0.05)。4)18周龄蛋鸡卵巢基质指数和小黄卵泡指数均随8～18周龄饲粮ME水平增加显著线性增加(P<0.05),8～18周龄饲粮ME水平对18周龄其它繁殖器官以及20周龄各繁殖器官发育均无显著影响(P>0.05)。由此可知,8～18周龄饲粮ME水平为11.72 MJ·kg^-1时,能显著增加18周龄体重和8～18周龄ADG,改善8～18周龄F/G和CPCR,促进卵巢基质和小黄卵泡发育,但饲粮ME水平对开产时(20周龄)蛋鸡生长发育指标均无显著影响。本研究表明,将蛋鸡育成期和预产期结合研究具有更重要的实践意义。     

Reduced titer of BNYVV in transgenic sugar beets expressing the BNYVV coat protein

Summary Rhizomania is a disease of sugar beet caused by the furovirus beet necrotic yellow vein virus (BNYVV). Coat protein mediated resistance has been reported for a number of viral diseases. This approach to virus resistance was therefore attempted for control of rhizomania. Two constructs of the coat protein gene of BNYVV were introduced into sugar beet by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. The mRNA level was estimated to be 0.01% of the poly A⁺ RNA. Expression of the coat protein gene was under the detection limit of our western blotting protocol i.e. below 0.01 g/50 g (0.02% of the total soluble protein). One transformation event per construct was tested in a greenhouse assay and in rhizomania infested soil in a field trial. In the greenhouse assay, transgenic plants showed a strong reduction of virus multiplication when compared to non-transgenic plants. This result was confirmed in the field trial, where a significant difference in virus multiplication was shown between plants with and without the coat protein gene.     

Race-specificity of temperature-sensitive genes for resistance to Puccinia striiformis in Triticum dicoccoides

Summary Twenty-four entries of wild emmer possessing temperature-sensitive genes for resistance to yellow rust were studied in the seedling stage, at two temperature-profiles, with 15 pathogenic races from 11 countries in South America, Africa, Asia and Europe. It was shown that the majority of the resistance genes in these wild emmer entries were race-specific. In most of these entries a more resistant reaction was displayed at the higher temperature-profile; however in three entries a shift in reaction towards resistance was observed with certain races but towards susceptibility with some of the other races, suggesting that two different kinds of temperature-sensitive genes were involved in each of these entries. The similarity of temperature-sensitive genes occurring in wild emmer and in cultivated wheat is discussed.     

Characterization of the durable resistance to yellow rust in old winter wheat cultivars in the Netherlands

Summary Winter wheat cultivars released in the Netherlands before 1930 carried durable resistance to yellow rust. Cultivars released in the period between 1930 and 1950 often were durably resistant while recent cultivars infrequently showed durable resistance. This durable resistance was not difficult to transfer to new cultivars. Twenty nine older cultivars with durable resistance and eight recent non-durably resistant cultivars were tested in the seedling stage and in the adult plant stage against 12 West-European yellow rust races and against some non-European races in the seedling stage only. The adult plant tests were carried out in race nursery tests in the Flevopolder. Per race nursery all 37 cultivars, planted in hills of about 20 plants on both sides of the highly susceptible cv. Michigan Amber, were exposed to one race.The infection type of each cultivar-race combination was scored on 0 to 9 scale once in the seedling stage and twice in the adult plant stage. In the race nurseries the percentage leaf area affected was evaluated three times to be used to calculate the area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC). This AUDPC multiplied with the mean infection type in the field gave the susceptibility index (SI).The infection types were classified into resistant (R), intermediate (I) or susceptible (S) when the infection types were 0 to 3, 4 to 6 or 7 to 9, respectively. Four categories of resistance were discerned on the basis of the three infection type scores: 1) RRR, overall resistance; complete or near-complete resistant at all stages. 2) SRR, adult plant resistance, complete- or near-complete resistant at the adult plant stage only. 3) SRS and SSR, temperature sensitive resistance, the resistance changed from the one evaluation data to the other. 4) SSS and an SI lower than that of Michigan Amber, partial resistance.The frequencies of overall, adult plant and temperature sensitive resistance were 1.4, 52 and 54% in the older cultivars and 40, 62 and 22% in the recent ones, respectively. Among the older cultivars all had a fair to high level of partial resistance, the SI being on average only 20% of that of Michigan Amber, while most cultivars also seemed to carry temperature sensitive resistance. The partial resistance of the recent cultivars was of a much lower level with a mean SI compared to that of Michigan Amber of 61%. Partial resistance was highly correlated (r = –0.94) with the mean resistance scores from the Dutch Recommended Cultivars Lists. It was concluded that partial resistance and temperature sensitive resistance were the major components of the durable resistance in the older cultivars.     

天然黄色茧蚕品种实验室比较与生产应用试验

经过对新育成的黄色茧品种与生产应用白色茧品种秋丰×白玉的对比试验及丝质鉴定,秋丰×黄,正反交、秋丰×HJ,正反交这两对黄色茧品种具有龄期短、抗病力强、虫蛹率高的优点;黄色茧品种的产茧量与对照种相比差距不显著;两对黄色茧品种的鲜茧出丝率等茧丝质指标略低于对照,解舒丝长达到750m左右,解舒率均在65％以上,净度优良,符合缫丝业对茧质的基本要求。对其中的秋丰×HJ7在农村进行规模化中秋蚕饲养与缫丝应用试验,符合生产应用要求。     

Non‐phytate phosphorus requirements and efficacy of a genetically engineered yeast phytase in male lingnan yellow broilers from 1 to 21 days of age

This experiment was conducted to investigate the requirement of non‐phytate phosphorus (nPP) and efficacy of a genetically engineered yeast phytase in performance and tibia characteristics by male Lingnan Yellow broilers from 1 to 21 days of age. A total of 2640 1‐day‐old male chicks were randomly allotted to one of 11 dietary treatments, which consisted of six replicate floor pens with 40 birds per pen. All treatments had the same levels of all nutrients except for phosphorus and phytase. The control group (treatment 1) was fed the basal diet without dicalcium phosphate or phytase supplementation. Dietary concentrations of nPP were 0.11%, 0.19%, 0.27%, 0.35%, 0.43%, 0.51% and 0.59% respectively for treatments 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7, through addition of dicalcium phosphate (chemistry grade) to the basal diet. Diets 8–11 were supplemented with a genetically engineered yeast phytase 250, 500, 750 U/kg and a commercial phytase product 500 U/kg in basal diet respectively. The results showed that 0.46% and 0.51% nPP were required for maximum body‐weight gain and optimum tibia development indicators respectively. However, 0.59% nPP had a negative effect on bird growth. The equivalency value of the genetically engineered yeast phytase was estimated to be 874 U/kg to liberate 0.1% nPP.